Why After Pahalgam Attack The Indus Waters Treaty Is Going To End ?
Indus Waters Treaty: As part of its diplomatic retaliation after the lethal Pahalgam terror attack, India has suspended the Indus Waters Treaty. Pakistan has pledged to challenge the move legally.
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| Pahalgam Attack |
India on Wednesday suspended the Indus Waters Treaty with Pakistan, day after 26 people, including tourists, were gunned down in a terrorist attack in Jammu and Kashmir’s Pahalgam.
Pahalgam Attack: A Tragic Incident
Date and Location: The attack occurred on April 22, 2025, at Baisaran Valley near Pahalgam in Jammu and Kashmir's Anantnag district.
Nature of the Attack: Terrorists armed with AK-47s and M4 carbines targeted tourists in the meadow, killing 26 people and injuring over 20 others. The attack was allegedly aimed at resisting demographic changes in the Kashmir Valley.
Perpetrators: The Resistance Front (TRF), an offshoot of the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Taiba, claimed responsibility for the attack.
Victims: The deceased included tourists from various Indian states and two foreigners. Victims were reportedly segregated based on religion before being executed.
Government Response:
India downgraded diplomatic ties with Pakistan, suspended the Indus Water Treaty, and closed the Attari border checkpost.
An all-party meeting was convened to discuss the incident and measures to prevent future attacks.
International Condemnation: Leaders like Italian PM Giorgia Meloni and French President Emmanuel Macron expressed solidarity with India and condemned the attack.
Political Reactions:
- PM Modi pledged to identify and punish every terrorist involved.
- Opposition leaders, including Tejashwi Yadav, criticized the government, calling the attack an intelligence failure.
- Controversial remarks by an Assam MLA hinted at political conspiracy, leading to his custody.
Impact on Tourism: The attack caused disruption to tourism in the region, with increased security measures and travel cancellations.
Indus Waters Treaty: Key Highlights
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| Indus Waters Treaty |
The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) is a significant water-sharing agreement between India and Pakistan, brokered by the World Bank in 1960. It regulates the use of the Indus River and its tributaries, dividing the water resources between the two nations. The treaty allocates the Eastern Rivers—Beas, Ravi, and Sutlej—to India, while the Western Rivers—Indus, Chenab, and Jhelum—are allocated primarily to Pakistan. India has control over about 30% of the water system's total resources, whereas Pakistan receives the remaining 70%. Under the treaty, India is permitted to use the water from the Western Rivers for limited purposes such as irrigation, non-consumptive needs, and power generation. Both nations adhere to strict regulations on their usage of each other's river systems.
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The IWT is widely viewed as one of the most successful water-sharing agreements globally and has remained functional despite the tumultuous history and military conflicts between the two countries. However, recent developments have shaken its foundation. Following the Pahalgam terrorist attack in April 2025, where cross-border terrorism was blamed on Pakistan, India decided to suspend the treaty. This marks a historic shift in India-Pakistan relations and raises concerns over water security in Pakistan. The suspension has brought global attention to the treaty's relevance and possible implications for the region's peace and stability.
India- Pakistan borders drawn across Indus basin
When India and Pakistan gained independence in 1947, the border between the two nations was drawn across the Indus River Basin, creating a division in water resources. As a consequence, India became the upper riparian state (holding the upstream position) and Pakistan the lower riparian state (in the downstream position). This geographic division led to challenges regarding the shared use of water resources.
Significantly, two critical irrigation works were located in the Indian territory:
The Madhopur Headworks on the Ravi River.
The Ferozepur Headworks on the Sutlej River.
These facilities were vital for irrigation in Punjab (now part of Pakistan), making Pakistan heavily dependent on the water flowing from these structures. The dependence created conflicts over the use and control of irrigation water, further fuelling tensions between the two countries.
Under the Indus Waters Treaty (1960), which was established later, mandatory visits were designed to ensure cooperation and monitoring between the two countries regarding water-sharing arrangements. However, in light of recent diplomatic tensions, including in the aftermath of the Pahalgam attack, such visits may now face suspension, potentially disrupting the treaty framework. This historic water-sharing dispute highlights the complexities of regional resource management and inter-country relations.
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