Latest CBSE Class 12 Physical Education Notes And Important Question Chapter 10 Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Sports

December 21, 2024 ,

CBSE Physical Education Class 12 Notes Chapter 10 Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Sports

Introduction to Kinesiology and Biomechanics

  • Kinesiology is the study of human movement, including the physiological, biomechanical, and psychological aspects of physical activity. It involves understanding how muscles, bones, tendons, and ligaments work together to produce movement.
  • Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles to human motion. It involves analyzing the forces acting on the body during movement and how these forces affect motion and posture.

Kinesiology and Its Components

  • Kinesiology combines knowledge from various fields like anatomy, physiology, and physics to understand human movement.
  • It focuses on:
    • Muscle action: How muscles work to produce movement.
    • Joints and Bones: How bones act as levers, and joints allow movement.
    • Posture and Balance: How the body maintains equilibrium during movement.

Biomechanics and Its Application

  • Biomechanics uses principles of physics to understand how the human body moves. The two main areas of biomechanics in sports are:
    • Kinematics: The study of motion without considering the forces involved.
    • Kinetics: The study of forces acting on the body and how they produce motion.

Types of Motion

  1. Linear Motion:
    • Occurs when the body moves along a straight or curved path.
    • Example: Running in a straight line.
  2. Rotary Motion:
    • When the body or part of the body moves in a circular path around a fixed point (axis).
    • Example: The movement of a gymnast’s arms during a somersault.
  3. General Motion:
    • A combination of linear and rotary motion.
    • Example: Walking or swimming, which involves both body movement and joint rotation.

Basic Principles of Biomechanics

  1. Force:

    • A force is a push or pull acting on a body. It causes a body to move or change its motion.
    • Types of Forces:
      • Internal Forces: Forces within the body (muscle contractions).
      • External Forces: Forces from outside the body (gravity, friction, ground reaction forces).

  2. Levers:

    • The human body acts as a system of levers, where bones act as levers, joints act as fulcrums, and muscles apply force.
    • There are three classes of levers:
      • First Class Lever: The fulcrum is between the effort and load (e.g., neck movement).
      • Second Class Lever: The load is between the fulcrum and effort (e.g., standing on tiptoe).
      • Third Class Lever: The effort is between the fulcrum and the load (e.g., bicep curl).

  3. Torque:

    • Torque is the rotational force that causes an object to rotate around an axis. It is important in activities like gymnastics, swimming, and throwing.

Newton’s Laws of Motion in Sports

  1. First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia):
    • An object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
    • Application in Sports: A ball will continue moving until it is stopped by a force (e.g., hitting the ground or being caught).
  2. Second Law of Motion (Law of Acceleration):
    • The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the force applied and inversely proportional to its mass.
    • Application in Sports: The harder you hit a ball (force), the faster it will accelerate (speed).
  3. Third Law of Motion (Action and Reaction):
    • For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
    • Application in Sports: When a player pushes against the ground, the ground pushes back with equal force, enabling the player to jump.

Kinematic Concepts in Sports

  • Speed: The distance covered per unit of time.
  • Velocity: The rate at which an object changes its position in a particular direction.
  • Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity.
  • Displacement: The shortest path between the initial and final position of an object.

Posture and Balance

  • Posture: The way the body is positioned while standing, sitting, or moving.
    • Good posture enhances performance and prevents injury.
    • Correct posture improves balance, reduces muscle fatigue, and prevents musculoskeletal injuries.
  • Balance: The ability to maintain the body’s position over its base of support.
    • Balance is crucial in sports like gymnastics, swimming, and skating.

Importance of Kinesiology and Biomechanics in Sports

  • Improved Performance: Understanding movement mechanics helps athletes improve their techniques and achieve peak performance.
  • Injury Prevention: Knowledge of body mechanics allows for correct posture, alignment, and movement, reducing the risk of injury.
  • Rehabilitation: After an injury, biomechanical principles guide rehabilitation and recovery, ensuring proper healing and strength restoration.
  • Equipment Design: Biomechanics helps in designing sports equipment such as shoes, bats, and prosthetics that reduce injury risk and enhance performance.

Practical Application in Sports

  • Sports Techniques: Coaches and athletes use biomechanical analysis to improve techniques in running, swimming, and other sports.
  • Training Methods: Exercises and training routines are based on an understanding of how muscles and joints function.
  • Sports Equipment: Biomechanics helps improve the design and use of sports equipment to enhance performance and safety.

Conclusion

Kinesiology and biomechanics are critical in understanding human movement, enhancing performance, preventing injuries, and designing effective training and rehabilitation programs. Knowledge of these principles is essential for athletes, coaches, sports scientists, and physical therapists. By studying these concepts, we can optimize athletic performance and ensure the health and safety of athletes.

This concludes the notes on Chapter 10: Kinesiology, Biomechanics, and Sports for CBSE Physical Education Class 12.

CBSE NCERT Physical Education Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 10 Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Sports

Very Short Answer Questions (1 mark)

  1. What is kinesiology?

    • Kinesiology is the study of human movement, focusing on the physiological, biomechanical, and psychological aspects of physical activity.

  2. What is biomechanics?

    • Biomechanics is the application of mechanical principles to human motion. It involves analyzing forces acting on the body during movement.

  3. What is a lever in the human body?

    • A lever is a rigid bar (bone) that moves around a fixed point (joint). Levers help in the movement of limbs.

  4. Define velocity.

    • Velocity is the rate at which an object changes its position in a particular direction.

  5. What is Newton’s first law of motion?

    • Newton’s first law of motion states that an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion stays in motion unless acted upon by an external force.

Short Answer Questions (3 marks)

  1. Explain the importance of kinesiology and biomechanics in sports.

    • Kinesiology and biomechanics are essential in sports for improving performance, preventing injuries, designing better training routines, and rehabilitating athletes. These disciplines help in understanding how the human body moves and functions during physical activities.

  2. What are the different types of motion? Explain with examples.

    • There are three types of motion:
      • Linear Motion: Motion along a straight or curved path. Example: Running in a straight line.
      • Rotary Motion: Motion around a fixed point. Example: Movement of arms during a somersault.
      • General Motion: A combination of linear and rotary motion. Example: Walking or swimming.

  3. What are the different classes of levers in the human body?

    • There are three types of levers:
      • First-Class Lever: The fulcrum is between the effort and load (e.g., neck movement).
      • Second-Class Lever: The load is between the fulcrum and effort (e.g., standing on tiptoe).
      • Third-Class Lever: The effort is between the fulcrum and load (e.g., bicep curl).

Long Answer Questions (5 marks)

  1. Discuss the role of Newton’s laws of motion in sports performance.

    • First Law (Inertia): Inertia causes a moving object to continue moving and a resting object to remain at rest unless acted upon by an external force. Example: A football will continue in motion until it is stopped by an external force (goalkeeper or friction).
    • Second Law (Acceleration): This law states that the acceleration of an object depends on the force applied and its mass. Example: The harder a player kicks the ball, the faster it accelerates.
    • Third Law (Action and Reaction): For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Example: When a swimmer pushes off the wall, the wall exerts an equal and opposite force, propelling the swimmer forward.

  2. What are the applications of biomechanics in sports?

    • Performance Optimization: Understanding biomechanics helps improve athletic techniques and movements to enhance performance.
    • Injury Prevention: Analyzing the mechanics of body movement helps prevent injuries by identifying risky movements or postures.
    • Equipment Design: Biomechanics plays a key role in designing sports equipment like shoes, bats, and bikes, making them more effective and comfortable for athletes.
    • Rehabilitation: Biomechanics is used to design rehabilitation programs that restore strength, mobility, and function after an injury.

  3. Explain the concept of torque and its importance in sports.

    • Torque is a rotational force that causes an object to rotate around an axis. In sports, torque is important in activities like throwing, kicking, and gymnastics, where athletes generate rotational movement to achieve desired results. The ability to control torque improves performance in actions requiring balance and power.

Application-Based Questions

  1. How can knowledge of kinesiology and biomechanics help an athlete in improving their performance?

    • Athletes can improve their performance by applying the principles of kinesiology and biomechanics. These include optimizing the body’s movement patterns, improving posture, and reducing unnecessary energy wastage. Biomechanics helps in fine-tuning techniques, while kinesiology helps understand how muscles and joints work together to enhance overall efficiency in movement.

  2. What is the role of balance and posture in sports performance?

    • Proper balance and posture are crucial in almost all sports for maintaining stability and control. Good posture helps in the efficient use of energy and minimizes the risk of injury. Athletes with better balance can execute movements with greater precision, whether it's a gymnast performing on a beam or a basketball player maintaining their stance while dribbling.

Objective Type Questions

  1. Which law of motion is known as the law of inertia?

    • (a) First Law of Motion
    • (b) Second Law of Motion
    • (c) Third Law of Motion
    • (d) None of the above
    • Answer: (a) First Law of Motion

  2. Which of the following is an example of a second-class lever?

    • (a) Scissors
    • (b) Standing on tiptoe
    • (c) Tweezers
    • (d) Plier
    • Answer: (b) Standing on tiptoe

  3. Which type of motion involves movement along a straight or curved path?

    • (a) General Motion
    • (b) Linear Motion
    • (c) Rotary Motion
    • (d) None of the above
    • Answer: (b) Linear Motion

  4. The human body acts as which kind of machine?

    • (a) Simple machine
    • (b) Complex machine
    • (c) Both
    • (d) None of the above
    • Answer: (b) Complex machine

These important questions will help you prepare for the CBSE Physical Education Class 12 exam and understand key concepts in Kinesiology, Biomechanics, and Sports.


Physical Education Class 12 Notes And Important Questions CBSE


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